Kiva Instead

Instead, informal systems and relationships, including loans from neighbors or relatives, and rotating savings/ credit clubs, have filled this gap. While such solutions have worked for some and are often the only option available, they can be inconsistent and unreliable during times of tremendous need. In addition, poor entrepreneurs can become trapped in vicious cycles of borrowing from local moneylenders, who may demand exorbitant interest rates.Traditionally, banks were unwilling to provide loans to poor entrepreneurs due to the perceived risk. Common concerns included the fact that the unbanked were often illiterate, had no collateral, no prior credit history, and were not employed by anyone other than themselves. However, in 1976, Muhammad Yunus, seen by many s the visionary behind the microfinance movement, bucked conventional wisdom and loaned the equivalent of $27 of his own money to 1 This section is excerpted and modified from the Stanford 6SB case: Equity Bank (A), case no .E-260. Bethany Coates prepared this case under the supervision of Professor Garth Saloner as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright 2008 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, e-mail the Case Writing Office at: [email  protected] stanford. du or write: Case Writing Office, Stanford Graduate School of Business, 518 Memorial Way, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5015. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means † electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or 0th the Stantord Graduate School of Business. Kiva E-288 erwise wit hout the permission ot some poor craftsmen in Jobra, Bangladesh.After all of the borrowers repaid, he repeated the experiment with more villages, and over the years, grew his series of xperiments into a multibillion dollar bank that has provided small loans to over 5 million people worldwide. Years later, Yunus noted, â€Å"At Grameen, we don't have any legal instrument between the lender and the borrower†¦. Everybody asks, What will happen if nobody pays back? I say, ‘But everybody pays back, so why should I worry about Grameen Bank charged 20 percent interest and reinvested all but 10 percent of earnings back into its operations.As Grameen grew, other leading microfinance institutions (MFIs), including ACCION International and Opportunity International, began to emerge and based their work on the same old ideas as Yunus: that the poor could reliably repay their loans, with interest, and could use the profits to grow their businesses. Mission-driven, nonprofit MFIs also entered the market. These organizations tended to pursue very rural or otherwise unreachable clients, even at great cost. They were ab le to provide financial services, including credit, tailored to the unique needs and limitations of the poor.

Islamic Culture and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Islamic Culture and Politics - Essay Example The similarities of the activities of these two groups is that they both aimed at instilling Sunnah (which are Prophet Muhammad’s living habits and sayings) and the Qur’an as the only points of reference for the ordering of life for all Muslim individuals, families, communities and nations (Mohammed 52). Activities by both groups fight for political reforms are driven by the belief in God (Allah) being their objective and the Qur’an the law. Funded by members’ contributions, who must assign a segment of their earnings to the movement, the Muslim Brotherhood in both the Arab and Western countries engages in political violence as they make Jihad their way of life. They believe that all Islamic countries must fight oppressors and Allah’s enemies as an overture to developing strong status as Islamic nations. For example, the Islamic Brotherhood in Egypt participated in violence, in the country, after the death of their founder al-Banna in 1949 for many years until they were suppressed forcibly and reemerged in 2011. However, the Muslim Brotherhood differs in its activities among the Arab and Western countries. In the Western world, the Brotherhood aims to end Western civilization from inside the countries they are present, and replace it with Islamic concepts. For example, in Belgium, the State Security observed that, from their presence since 1982, the Brotherhood has established an undercover structure with secretive membership that operates in discretion. Their key objective is to spread Islamic ideologies in Belgium and the surrounding regions then embed and expand a conformist Islamic syndicate in Western Europe (Sageman 74). This is in contrast to their activities in the Arab world where they have been fighting to remove the already Islamic authoritarian regimes in place. Therefore, within the Arab world, the activities usually are of a civil war nature. Examples are the recent Egyptian and Tunisian protest movements that to ppled the incumbent rulers. In that sense, it can be seen that the underlying difference is that, in Arab countries, the Muslim Brotherhood fights oppression from their governments while in the Western countries, they attempt to globalize their ideologies. Question Four Jihad is an Islamic term generally used to refer to holy war. The war is termed holy because it is believed to be a struggle for the way and cause of Allah. Both the Sunni and Shia sects of Islam believe that jihad is a religious obligation for all Muslims and have traditionally encouraged its use against non-Muslims. Both sects commonly accept two perceptions associated with jihad: that it entails a greater struggle which is an internal spiritual jihad, and a lesser struggle which is an external physical jihad. Both Sunni and Shia Muslims believe that the notion of jihad must always have an aspect of armed struggles to overcome oppression and persecution of Muslims (Sageman 92). A more contemporary understanding of jihad by the two sects is that the struggle must aim to build a better society by the Islamic community as a collective duty. This must be done by lodging valid protests for solving religious problems, acknowledgement of divine law and forbidding wrong conduct while commanding right conduct. To this end, a striking similarity between the two sects’ understanding of jihad is the way it is linked to martyrdom. They both believe that Muslims who die in the cause of executing jihad ascend into martyrdom, which gave rise to the phenomenon of suicide

Critical Thinking Discussion Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Thinking Discussion Question - Essay Example Framing a problem before offering up solutions can influence the outcome. Prior to an early morning board meeting a look out the window shows heavy snow falling. A check online at The Weather Channel shows a forecast of heavy snow for the next forty-eight hours. With this information you head down the hall to the boardroom where others are gathering. There is murmuring about the weather and the desire of many to go home. The chairman of the board enters and begins to discuss the need to draft a coordinated plan to hire contractors to build a bridge that the team designed. It is Wednesday and he wants the finished product on his desk by Friday. The others in the room are periodically glancing toward the window where they can see the snow falling. The room is quiet. The Chairman looks out the window and then back at the room full of employees. He chuckles and says: Oh yeah, grab your laptops and go home. Set up a conference call to compile your work and have it in my email box by Friday. A sigh of relief fills the room. The Chairman leaves the room followed by the team heading towards the doors with coats and laptops in hand. Problem solved! Forces of influence can change how one frames an argument and that influences the outcome.

Voting Systems in the United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Voting Systems in the United Kingdom - Essay Example According to this kind of voting system, the candidate who will gather either the majority or plurality of voters will ultimately win the election. The main object of this voting system is to represent the majority or plurality of voters in a particular district, locality or state.  This system can be further divided into four different types which separate the plurality and majority system of voting. The first two are commonly used plurality system of voting, while the other two are majority systems.1. Single-member district plurality voting.2. At-large voting.3. Two-round runoff voting.4. Instant runoff voting.Proportional Representation SystemAfter plurality/majority system proportional representation system is the most used voting system. This voting system seems to be the competitor of plurality/majority voting system as this system is receiving popularity and persistently being used in most of the European countries.Proportional representation system provides more accurate re presentation of parties. The basic approach of proportional representation system is to represent or show multimember district instead of a single-member district. The number of seats declared to be won by a particular party in an election is proportional to a number of votes given to that party by the voters.  Ã‚  Electoral system designers divided the proportional representation system into three basic kinds in order to achieve more accurate proportionate results of the voting.

Answering the given questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answering the given questions - Essay Example ‘Syn’ means same while ‘optic’ means relating to sight or view. However, despite these similarities, the three books also have various differences but there are difficulties in pointing them out. These difficulties are referred to as synoptic problem. For instance, the remarkable similarity of flow of events and point of view in the gospels of Mathew, Mark and Luke make one wonder if they had a common source of information Even though we still acknowledge the role of the Holy Spirit. Although the gospel of Mathew is shorter, the similarity of these three books could also be as a result of them referring to each other’s works when writing the gospels. The common source suspected of having being used is referred to as ‘Q’ from the German word quell. This word means source. However, this document has never been discovered and none of the fathers of the early churches ever made a mention of it. However, the synoptic books are still used in inspiring hope and bringing more people to the religion of Christianity. These gospels are still useful in achieving the purpose of the bible. Gospel is generally referred to as the revelation of Jesus Christ. It is a record of Christ’s teaching in the first four books of the New Testament in the bible. The name gospel means good news which a translation from the Greek word ‘euangelizo’. This refers to the message contained in the New Testament books reveal good news that brings hope and inspirations to followers and encourages people to convert to the Christian religion. Gospel of Christ the Son of God and offers deliverance from sin. Rudolf Karl Bultmann was a New Testament Scholar who intended Form Criticism. He refused to accept the imminent supremacy of God and felt that there was a problem with the gospels having an eschatological Jesus who announced the end of the world. He was one among several other critics of the gospel. Bultmann had an existentialist theory which he founded on the

Logistic Challenges When Bussineses Expand into the BRICS Market Research Paper

Logistic Challenges When Bussineses Expand into the BRICS Market - Research Paper Example This objective should be accomplished when the policies are associated to multicultural knowledge. This research paper further aims to emphasize the significance of the logistics transport system and the infrastructure to achieve economic development. Additionally, it signifies other challenges including the political instability, fewer mediums of transportation, in-advancement of IT and much more. Possible solutions to these problems are also recommended. Background BRIC is generally portrayed as Big Four, BRICs or BRIC markets. A grouping acronym, BRIC is a group of four countries namely, Brazil, Russia, India and China which are believed to be at a similar stage of economic development. BRIC markets are one of the most emerging markets and are of great interest to the companies around the world (Dash, 2007). According to A. G. Canen & I. Tammela, logistics portrays the administration of the movement of services and goods from point of production to the point of consumption to meet customer requirements. It is a medium of supply chain which helps to put in the worth of place utility and time. Logistics involves the amalgamation of transportation, packaging, inventory, information, material handling, security and warehousing. 1.1 Significance of the Study Through this research I attempt to find out numerous logistics challenges faced by the businesses while their expansion into the BRIC markets. 1.2 Research Questions and Objectives Research Questions Research Objectives 1. What are the logistics challenges faced by the businesses while expanding into BRICs markets? 2. Why are these challenges said to be relevant? 3. What are the types of solutions to these challenges? 1. To identify the logistics challenges faced by the businesses while expanding into BRICs markets. 2. To work out the relevance of these challenges. 3. To recognize the types of solutions to these challenges. 1.3 Scope of the Study The data was mainly collected from secondary sources including books, articles, internet and journals. 1.4 Critical Review of Literature I am succeeded in illustrating the literature consisting of articles and journals on the research subject matter. The reviewed literature refined my knowledge concerning the m atter of the study and provided me with a number of study materials published prior related to the research matter, thus supported the significance of this study. 1.5 Hypothesis The research objective is to test the following hypothesis: H1: IT for logistics management is the most important challenge faced by the businesses. H2: The economic growth of BRIC markets relative to G7 countries is inferior. 1.6 Research Method Only qualitative approach was employed to investigate the matter. 1.7 Data Collection Methods For qualitative research, secondary data has been used including articles, internet and journals. 1.8 Ethical Considerations Efforts were made to minimize errors. Complete responsibility was taken to produce work without any bias. Confidentiality, integrity of data, errors and negligence, social responsibility, non-discrimination legal were given prior consideration during execution of this study. 1.9 Limitations The major limitation of this research is that it is relying o n secondary data only. Moreover, the data collected might be biased and provide restricted information due to distinctive perceptions of the authors included in the literature of the research. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 BRIC Markets BRIC is generally portrayed as Big Four, BRICs or BRIC markets. A grouping acronym, BRIC is a group of four countries namely, Brazil, Russia, India and China which are believed to be at a similar stage of economic development. BRIC markets are one of the most emerging markets and are of great interest to the companies around the world (Dash, 2007).

Vaccination Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vaccination - Assignment Example On the contrary, in West Virginia and Mississippi there are no laws that mandate vaccination. To that effect, some parents choose not to vaccinate their children because they believe that it may result in autism. Advocates of immunization claim that the government should not intervene in personal medical choices. The opponents of vaccination claim that the immune system of the children can deal naturally with the majority of the infections. The Mayo Clinic pointed out that natural immunity is more complete than a series of vaccines. Some guardians usually do not want their children to be vaccinated because the process of vaccination introduces foreign particles in the children’s immune system resulting in side effects like autism (Plotkin, 2006). More to the point, the flu vaccine have been found to contain thimerosal that is packaged in multi-dose vials. When the health workers draw individual doses, they leave the vaccine susceptible for to contamination each time the rubber is punctured. The presence of this preservative in the vaccine was found by (Andrew & McCarthy, 2010) to cause autism. An introduction of mercury in the body affects the nervous system resulting in autistic like symptoms. It causes the dysregulation of the immune system of the child affecting neurodevelopment. Autism signs are evidenced (Mesmere, 2007). Even with introduction of the pre-filled syringes, certain medical that find it expensive still the thimerosal as a preservative. The 1998 Lancet paper reported that immunization is not safe. Parents of the 8 out of 12 whose children were studies asserted that 14 months after receiving the combination measles-mumps-rubella vaccine the kids exhibited symptoms of autism. Moreover, Plotkin, Gerber, and Offit (2009) argue that the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine allows the entry of encelophalopathic causes autism by damaging the intestinal lining. The